http://dsc.discovery.com/news/briefs/20050711/chicken.html

Discovery.com July 14, 2005

By Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News

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Chickens do not just live in the present, but can anticipate the

future and demonstrate self-control, something previously attributed

only to humans and other primates, according to a recent study.

The finding suggests that domestic fowl, Gallus gallus domesticus,

are intelligent creatures that might worry.

"An animal with no awareness of 'later' may not be able to predict

the end of an unpleasant experience, such as pain, rendering it (the

pain) all-encompassing," said Siobhan Abeyesinghe, lead author of the

study.

"On the other hand, an animal that can anticipate an event might

benefit from cues to aid prediction, but may also be capable of

expectations rendering it vulnerable to thwarting, frustration and

pre-emptive anxiety."

She added, "The types of mental ability the animal possesses

therefore dictate how they should best be managed and what we might

be able to do to minimize psychological stress."

Abeyesinghe, a member of the Biophysics Group at Silsoe Research

Institute in England, and her colleagues tested hens with colored

buttons. When the birds pecked on one of the buttons, they received a

food reward.

If the chicken waited two to three seconds, it received a small

amount of food. If the bird held out for 22 seconds, it received a

"jackpot" that paid out with much more to eat.

The study is published in the current Animal Behavior.

"In their natural environment it may pay to get food while you can,

before someone else does," Abeyesinghe told Discovery News. "But

counter to this, we found that when a much larger food reward was

delivered for the jackpot condition, hens chose it over 90 percent of

the time, ruling out that they have absolutely no awareness of the

near future."

Prior studies have found that neuron organization in chicken brains

is highly structured and suggests that, like humans, chickens evolved

an impressive level of intelligence to help improve their survival.

Unlike humans, the chicken brain has a remarkable capacity to repair

itself fully after trauma, which has puzzled neuroscientists for

years.

It remains unclear what exactly goes on in the minds of chickens,

which are raised at a rate of 40 billion birds per year to satisfy

human consumption demands. Abeyesinghe, however, did say, "They

probably show more cognitive ability than people would generally

credit them with."

Raf Freire, a lecturer in the Centre for Neuroscience and Animal

Behavior at the School of Biological, Biomedical and Molecular

Sciences in the University of New England, Australia, agrees, but

already suspected that animals and birds, particularly chickens, had

higher levels of intelligence than currently thought.

"An ability to show self-control improves an animal's survival in

their natural environment and would be expected to have been selected

by evolutionary processes," Freire told Discovery News. "Hence, it

did not surprise me that chickens show self-control."

He added, "What is astonishing, however, is that the researchers were

able to so elegantly and convincingly demonstrate this in chickens."

Both Freire and Abeyesinghe hope the findings will lead to more

humane treatment of birds and animals raised for slaughter. Aside

from animal rights issues, other research has indicated that if a

bird or animal feels stress before killing, that anxiety may

adversely affect the quality, taste and texture of meats.

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